How successful was organized labor in improving the position essays

How effective was composed work in improving the position articles Drafting countless enlisted people, holding many strikes, and joining unlimited chances, worker's organizations were a striking power during the late 1870's and mid 1900's. Worker's organizations were the laborers' friends in need in giving less unfeeling and requesting physical work. The most disturbing issues at the time were the lengthened 12 hour work movements and youngster misuse. A report publicizing a monstrous town meeting (archive 7) reflects how disturbing the issue was. Production lines covering numerous towns and urban areas required 12 hour moves some of the time with no mid-day breaks. Laborers would here and there need to likewise manage the clinical weakness and sickness related with the long workdays. Significantly all the more upsetting to laborers was the expanding number of adolescent workers. Delineated in reports two and four, numerous children would need to work so as to continue their family's pay. Albeit generous in a disregard for one's own needs numerous youngsters were genuinely incompetent to take on such requesting and tarnished conditions. To help take care of these general issues numerous associations were shaped so as to motivate change. Numerous associations, for example, the American Railroad Union turned to strikes quite as their foremost weapon for change. The Pullman Strike, appeared in record six is the most popular strike revolt during now is the right time. Lead by Eugene Debs (archive 1), a communist head, in excess of 125,000 laborer held submits basically required a blacklist on Pullman's royal residence vehicles on country railroads. The strike albeit disassembled by President Cleveland, was an enormous triumph for Chicago assembly line laborers. Another model ascribing to the accomplishment of associations was the Haymarket Riot of 1886. Found in report 2, the Haymarket Riot served to really change other association associations by indicating the deplorability of brutality. During the day of May 4, while agitators and police were occupied with substantial fights a bomb detonated killing an aggregate of e ight officials. The occasion scavenged through the Chicago city,... <!

Project Management Essay Example for Free

Venture Management Essay The target of this undertaking is to open a second office for Better Health Care Centers inside the following year and a half and inside the $1.5 million financial plan on schedule and on spending plan. The tasks condition as it identifies with social/social is one of mending, wellbeing and prosperity of the populace or network. The extension of the office will force little effect on the earth as we will utilize a current structure and every single green practice and approaches will be organized whenever the situation allows. For the general administration of this venture I will utilize development directors, contract administrators and legal counselors, and there will be another trough responsible for the employing of staff and those individuals will report me, the general undertaking supervisor. Since this is such a long and costly task there should be tight controls on schedule and assets to guarantee that there is next to zero waste. The venture will be divided into stages that will be finished or practically complete when the following period of the task starts. This will empower better control of the task rather than getting things done out of a sensible request. You would not outfit the structure before you introduce the floor covering. The measure of stages and the level of control of each stage will rely upon the size unpredictability and effect of the undertaking. The stages until further notice, will be improved and will go something like this; the starting stage where the entirety of the recommendations and spending plans for each stage will be characterized will be set. The following stage will incorporate the arranging procedure. Where the entirety of the fundamental needs of the task will be characterized and the supervisory crew is manufactured and stage assignments are designated. At that point the work begins with the execution of the task and the individual ventures start decisively. This stage makes them cover ventures and concurrent tasks there will be not very many occasions when there is just one anticipate working at that point. During this stage the obtaining of building space, contracts with insurance agencies and outside research centers and radiology offices and emergency clinics will be arranged. The employing of contractual workers and the concluding of floor designs and picking hardware and different materials and supplies are chosen. This is the longest stage and tight controls on financial plan and time are generally significant. There will be a requirement for four chiefs to run various regions of the venture they will be in charge of their spending plan and answering to the general undertaking administrator and to the investors. Every supervisor will have a staff of individuals to do a portion of the work as per their skill. There will be a lawful group, a development group, a structure group and a group to sort out gatherings, a group for the general financial plan a bookkeeping group. In the last or shutting stage the stir gets pace and time to get down to business turns into a reality. In this stage numerous ventures will be finished while others are slowing down and a couple of will simply be beginning. In this stage the employing of the workplace staff, doctors and office troughs will be settled and contracted. In this stage the completing contacts will be set up and the hardware will be conveyed and set up. The PC frameworks will be introduced and preparing of the new workers will begin. For this task the director will require magnificent time the executives aptitudes and the capacity to discuss successfully with second level chiefs and venture pioneers and staff so the effectiveness of the undertaking has as hardly any set back and mistakes as could reasonably be expected. The undertaking chief will likewise require initiative aptitudes. With out a decent pioneer nothing completes productively or successfully. Undertaking chiefs are doled out to accomplish the task goals. This job requires adaptability, solid initiative. Decision making ability, arranging aptitudes and a strong information on venture the board rehearses. The venture administrator must have tender loving care while overseeing from a general administration forthcoming. The venture administrator is answerable for the achievement of the undertaking and is accountable for all parts of the task. The task administrator duties include: Developing the administration plan and its related segments. Keeping the task on schedule and on spending plan. Observing, recognizing and reacting to chance. The administrator is likewise liable for opportune and precise announcing of task measurements. The undertaking group is comprised of the chief, and other colleagues that do the work yet not really associated with the board. Each group has its own insight into their particular topic. It is fundamental for all groups to meet consistently to go over any issues and to refresh the venture administrator in every group progress. References: PMBOK control forward version venture the executives foundation. Fourth version 2008 CTU online live talks Granville Jones Instructor http://www.techrepublic.com/article/energize achievement by-following-pmis-information zones/1051548

What Are the Top ADHD Resources

What Are the Top ADHD Resources ADHD Living With ADD/ADHD Print What Are the Top ADHD Resources? By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 13, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children istockphoto One of the most successful ways to address ADHD is through education. By learning about the condition, something that becomes a lot easier when you tap into the wealth of ADHD resources available, you gain a greater understanding of how it affects you or your child. You also become more aware of what treatment options there are and may realize that you are not alone in your challenges. There are many types of resources for ADHD. Read on and explore everything from in-person support groups and conferences to websites and booksâ€"even resources you can turn to to learn more about the benefits you or your child are entitled to. National Support Organizations CHADDâ€"Children and Adults with ADHD CHADD (chadd.org) is the largest national support organization for ADHD. It provides education, advocacy, and support for children and adults living with ADHD and their families, as well as teachers and healthcare professionals. CHADD offers programs and services locally and nationally. Every year CHADD hosts a conference where speakers talk about ADHD and the latest research findings. The CHADD website has a resource directory where you can find ADHD professionals in your state. Examples of those listed are physicians, pediatricians, nurse practitioners, learning center professionals, psychologists, coaches, education specialists, and camp professionals. ADDAâ€"Attention Deficit Disorder Association ADDA (add.org) provides information and training resources for adults with ADHD, and promotes ADHD awareness. The organization also spearheads advocacy efforts (for example, advocating for ADHD treatment in correctional facilities). They also have virtual support groups. You can connect with other people living with ADHD, even if you live in a remote location. ADDA has a resource directory of professionals who specialize in ADHD, including coaches, bookkeepers, professional organizers, doctors, and psychiatrists. ADHD Awareness Month ADHD Awareness Month is held annually each October. It brings attention to a condition that is still misunderstood by many people. Each year has a theme. For example, ‘The Many Faces of ADHD’ highlighted that ADHD affects all ages, genders, and social and economic groups. The month also celebrates the positive aspects of ADHD. Many health groups and government agencies get involved. You can learn more at adhdawarenessmonth.org . Books There are many helpful books about ADHD. Some people with ADHD struggle to read a book cover to cover. However, these books can be dipped into as a reference. Most are available in an audio version, so they can be listened to rather than read, if that is preferable to you. Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents by Russell A. Barkley, PhDThis book gives a detailed account of what ADHD is, its symptoms, and how it is diagnosed. It provides practical advice about working with your childs school and parenting strategies. 1000 Best Tips for ADHD: Expert Answers and Bright Advice to Help You and Your Child by Susan Ashley, PhDThis concise and easy-to-read book offers parents helpful solutions to some common challenges of raising a child with ADHD. ADHD: What Everyone Needs to Knowby Stephen P. Hinshaw and Katherine EllisonIn this question and answer style book, the authors answer the most pressing questions people have about ADHD in children and adults. Read our review. Books for Children with ADHDCheck out this list of books written specifically for children with ADHD to help them understand more about their condition and its symptoms: 20 Books for Children With ADHD Natural Relief for Adult ADHD: Complementary Strategies for Increasing Focus, Attention, and Motivation With or Without Medicationby Stephanie Sarkis, PhDPeople are usually very curious about whether ADHD can be treated naturally. In this book, the author offers a comprehensive overview of the different options, all backed by the latest research. The Queen of Distraction: How Women with ADHD Can Conquer Chaos, Find Focus, and Get More Doneby Terry Matlen, MSWThis book addresses the problems women have with ADHD, including how hormones affect ADHD symptoms and the different stages of life. ADD and Your Money: A Guide to Personal Finance for Adults with Attention-Deficit Disorder by Stephanie Sarkis, PhDADHD symptoms can make organizing personal finances very challenging. This book gives practical ideas and solutions so you can pay your bills on time and plan for the future. Read our interview with the author. Fast Minds: How to Thrive if You Have ADHD (Or Think You Might)by Craig Surman, MD and Tim Bilkey, MDA practical guide to help you and your loved ones understand ADHD symptoms and develop strategies to put a stop to being chronically overwhelmed and underachieving. The ADHD Effect on Marriage: Understand and Rebuild Your Relationship in Six Stepsby Melissa OrlovADHD symptoms can cause non-ADHD partners to feel unhappy, angry, and lonely. This book addresses these patterns and offers six steps to rebuild a relationship. Read our interview with the author. The Mindfulness Prescription for Adult ADHDby Lidia Zylowska, MDMindfulness can help adults with ADHD improve focus and attention. In this book, Dr. Zylowska explains the benefits and how to practice mindfulness in your life. Read our interview with the author. Job Accommodations If ADHD symptoms are causing problems for you at your workplace, you might be eligible to have job accommodations. In the United States, there are two laws designed to provide workplace protection for employees who have disabilities: the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) of 2008. If you need help understanding how these apply to you and your place of work, the Job Accommodation Network (JAN) can help. This organization offers incredible, free services and is very approachable. Accommodations for Students With ADHD Federal law requires schools to provide equal education opportunities to students with disabilities. ADHD students are eligible for an individual accommodation plan under section 504. However, many parents have experienced problems getting these accommodations for their children. In July 2016, the U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights issued a report for school districts with guidance on how to create and follow section 504 plans for students with ADHD. Get a better understanding of what your child is entitled to by reading the offices Know Your Rights: Students With ADHD guide (PDF). Summer Camps for Kids With ADHD There are camps designed and run especially for kids with ADHD. They cater to the unique challenges that children with ADHD face, like building self-esteem and making/keeping friends. At the same time, they ensure the children have a positive summer experience. ADHD Summer Camps: A list of 45 ADHD day and residential summer camps. Magazines About ADHD ADDitude: Strategies and Support for ADHD and LDThis lifestyle magazine devoted to living with ADHD is published quarterly and is available in print and digital versions. It covers a broad range of topics on ADHD and learning disabilities, and is for children and adults. Topics include parenting children with ADHD, issues at school, medication, and alternative therapies. Attention! MagazineThis magazine is designed to keep parents and adults living with ADHD up-to-date about ADHD issues. It is published six times a year by CHADD and is available to the organizations members in both print and digital versions. ADHD Documentary The documentary ADD and Loving It follows comedian Patrick McKenna as he is diagnosed with ADHD as an adult. It uncovers many of the myths about ADHD and is informative, yet fun. When it aired on PBS, many viewers recognized themselves in the description of the ADHD symptoms and, as a result, were diagnosed. Podcasts Podcasts are a great resource when you have ADHD. You can listen and learn about the latest ADHD research (even while performing another task, like housework). Here are five compelling ADHD podcasts: ADDitude ADHD Experts PodcastLeading experts in the ADHD world share their knowledge. Distraction with Dr. Ned HallowellThe Distraction podcast is hosted by Dr. Edward Hallowell, ADHD expert, author and psychiatrist. See in ADHDHosted by ADHD coach Jennie Friedman. ADHD reWired with Eric TiversHosted by coach and therapist Eric Tivers. Adult ADHD ADD podcastHosted by Bahman Sarram and ADHD coach Michael Joseph Ferguson. Websites and Blogs About ADHD Blogs There are many blogs about ADHD to choose from, and they can be a great source of information. Blogs often offer accounts of the blogger’s personal ADHD challenges. Some popular ADHD blogs include An ADD Woman, Impact ADHD, and Dr. Hallowells Blog. While blogs may or may not be written by credentialed experts (there are typically more cases of the latter), they can often offer real-life perspectives you may find helpful. Websites Reputable websites can further education you on ADHD, and you can start right here with Verywell. We have an extensive library of articles on core topics, like symptoms, how ADHD is diagnosed in children and adults, how it is treated, and more. We also write on many of the lesser-known aspects of ADHD, such as how to help your ADHD child when he or she feels bored, and how to plan your meals.

Biological Pathogen and Characteristics of Malaria Research Paper

Introduction Malaria is a key public health predicament and cause of much distress and untimely death in the poorer areas of tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America. In many endemic areas it is becoming increasingly complex to control because of the resistance of the parasite to anti- malarial drugs and the failure of vector control measures. Malaria is mainly caused by plasmodium species of the Coccidia family of Parasites. The most pathogenic species of the plasmodium species is plasmodium falciparum which is responsible for almost 90% of malarial infections in the world. The Coccidia are intracellular parasites that reproduce asexually by a process called schizogony and sexually by sporogony. They are normally found in the liver and red cells, and are transmitted by anopheline mosquito vector. Characteristics of the pathogen Four distinct Plasmodium species infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. P. falciparum is the most pathogenic of the human malaria species, with untreated infections causing severe disease and death, particularly in young children, pregnant women and non-immune adults (Caraway, 1959). The pathogenicity of P. falciparum is mainly due to: The cytoadherence of falciparum parasitized red cells, causing the cells to adhere to one another and to the walls of capillaries in the brain, muscle, kidneys and elsewhere and in pregnant women, in the placenta. The Sequestration of parasitized cells in the microcirculation causes congestion, hypoxia, blockage and rupturing of small blood vessels. And Due to high levels of parasitaemia, the activation of cytokines prompts and the destruction of many red cells occur (WHO, 2000). Falciparum malaria parasitaemia can go beyond more than 250 000 parasites per liter of blood. And about up to 30–40% of red cells may become parasitized resulting to severe falciparum malaria which is associated with cerebral malaria, haemoglobinuria, severe anemia, hypoglycaemia, and complications in pregnancy (2000). P. falciparum is found mainly in the hotter and humid regions of the world. It is the main species found in tropical and subtropical Africa and parts of Central America and South America, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, Indonesia, Philippines, Haiti, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea and many islands in Melanesia (WHO, 2000). It also occurs in parts of India, the Middle East, and eastern Mediterranean. According to WHO, the species Plasmodium falciparum contains several varieties which show differences in geographical distribution, vector susceptibility, human infection pattern, drug susceptibility, morphology and antigenic composition (2000). Transmission Malaria parasites are transmitted when an infected female Anopheles mosquito bites a host. Sporozoites contained in the saliva of the mosquito are inoculated into the blood of a human host when the mosquito takes a blood meal (Webster, 2003). Infection can also occur by transfusion of infected donor blood, by injection through the use of needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood, and very occasionally congenitally, usually when a mother is non-immune. Following inoculation, the Sporozoites rapidly, within 8 hours, leave the blood and enter liver cells. Within 5–15 days, depending on species, they develop into liver schizonts and are referred to as pre-erythrocytic (PE) schizonts. Mature PE schizonts contain many merozoites (2003). When mature, a PE schizont ruptures from the liver cell, releasing its merozoites into the blood circulation. The merozoites infect red cells by binding to receptors on the red cell membrane. Entry of the parasites into red cells starts a cycle of schizogony in the blood which to complete takes 48 hours for P. falciparum.P vivax and P. ovale and 72 hours for P. malariae (2003). During this time the intracellular merozoites develop into trophozoites which feed on the contents of the red cells. As the trophozoite feeds, malaria pigment, known as haemozoin, is produced as an end product of hemoglobin breakdown. This accumulates in the trophozoite, appearing as brown-black granules (Webster, 2003). When the trophozoite is fully developed, the nucleus begins to divide, followed by a division of cytoplasm, resulting in the formation of a schizont containing 8–24 merozoites (2003). The mature schizont ruptures from its red cell releasing merozoites, malaria pigment, and toxins into the plasma which is the cause of a typical malaria attack. Merozoites released from schizonts enter the blood circulation and those which are not destroyed by the host’s immune system infect new red cells, beginning a further cycle of schizogony with more red cells being destroyed. After several erythrocytic schizogony cycles, some of the merozoites entering red cells deve lop into male and female gametocytes. For the life cycle to be continued, the gametocytes must be ingested by a female Anopheles mosquito in a blood meal. If they are not taken up by a mosquito they die. Symptoms The characteristic feature of malaria is fever caused by the release of toxins, when erythrocytic schizonts rupture, which stimulate the secretion of cytokines from leucocytes and other cells. In the early stages of infection the fever is irregular or continuous. As schizogony cycles synchronize, fever begins to recur at regular intervals particularly in quartan malaria, every 72 hours, vivax and ovale malaria, every 48 hours (Beales, 2002). Splenomegaly occurs in all forms of malaria with repeated attacks causing a greatly enlarged spleen. Anemia and jaundice are also features of malaria, particularly falciparum malaria. Malaria caused by P. falciparum is referred to as falciparum malaria, formerly known as sub tertian (ST) or malignant tertian (MT) malaria. It is the most widespread, accounting for up to 80% of malaria cases worldwide (2002). Diagnosis The diagnosis of malaria is by done routinely though detecting and identifying malaria parasites microscopically in blood films, concentrating parasites in venous blood by centrifugation when they cannot be found in blood films, using a malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) to detect malaria antigen (WHO,2000). Measurement of hemoglobin or packed cell volume (PCV) is done due to presence of malaria with heavy parasitaemia particularly in young children and pregnant women. The measurement of blood glucose to detect hypoglycaemia is usually done particularly to diagnose young children and pregnant women off severe falciparum malaria. Also with suspicion of Falciparum Malaria, the total white cell count and platelet count is done. Coagulation tests if abnormal bleeding is suspected in falciparum malaria. A thick blood film is the most suitable for the rapid detection of malaria parasites, particularly when they are few. In areas where P. malariae is found, unless a thick film is examined, infection is likely to be missed because parasitaemia is normally low with this species. In a thick film the blood is not fixed. The red cells are lysed during staining, allowing parasites and white cells to be seen in a much larger volume of blood .A thin blood film is required to confirm the Plasmodium species if this is not clear from the thick film. The blood cells are fixed in a thin film, enabling the parasites to be seen in the red cells. Parasitized red cells may become enlarged, oval in shape, or stippled. These features can help to identify Plasmodium species. Examination of a thin film greatly assists in the identification of mixed infections. By counting the percentage of parasitized red cells before and after treatment, thin films are also of value in assessing whether a patient with fa lciparum malaria is responding to treatment in areas where drug resistance is suspected. Examination of a thin film also gives the opportunity to investigate anemia and white cell abnormalities, and in the absence of malaria parasites, suggest an alternative diagnosis, e.g. sickle cell disease (WHO, 2000). Treatment The treatment of Malaria parasites is now tricky due to intense drug resistance. Artemisinin-based combination therapies are combinations in which one of the components is artemisinin and its derivatives, artesunate, artemether, dihydroartemisinin. The artemisinins produce rapid clearance of parasitaemia and rapid resolution of symptoms, by reducing parasite numbers 100- to 1000-fold per asexual cycle of the parasite, which is more than the other currently available anti- malarials can achieve (Webster, 2003). Prevention Reducing the suffering and loss of life caused by malaria is possible, providing the financial, political, and technical commitment to achieve this is strengthened. The WHO/UNICEF/UNDP and World Bank Roll Back Malaria Partnership, the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the Medicines for Malaria Venture, the Gates Malaria Partnership and the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria have been established to reduce the burden of malaria by: implementing malaria control strategies, improving health infrastructures, raising awareness of malaria and its effects on poverty and development, mobilizing communities to combat malaria, raising and monitoring funds to effect and sustain malaria control programmes and the development of anti-malarial drugs and vaccines. References Beales, P. F, and Gilles, H .M, (2002). Â  Rationale and technique of malaria control. Ch. 6 in 4th ed. Essential Malariology, pp 107–190 Caraway, W.T., (1959). American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 32. Webster D et al., (2003) Progress with new malaria vaccines. Bulletin World Health Organization, 81(12), pp 902–909 WHO, (2000). Severe falciparum malaria. Transactions Royal Society Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94, Supplement

The Correlation between Population Grown and Economic Growth

1.0 Introduction Population growth and economic development have been intertwined since historic times. The question of these two detrimental factors being correlated with one another has been the topic for debate time and time again, but even today controversies among them exist. Our economy has withheld the impact of war, immigration, and depressions and stands today at a much higher point than it did decades ago. The concern is not with where the economy stands today, but where it will be in the long run. The long run can be anywhere from one year to a substantial time gap. When considering long run economic growth we must also take into account population growth. In order to further understand this relationship we must define the term long run economic growth. Long run economic growth refers to rise in GDP per capita, which measures individuals’ material standard of living. Apart from material needs, one must also consider human wellbeing, which is individual happiness based on income, emp loyment, and other resources available that increase standard of living. Many economists believe that population growth ultimately will have a positive correlation with economic growth in the long run, I disagree. After thorough research of relevant theories and considering the points of both sides of the controversial topic, I believe exponential population growth will have an adverse effect on long run economic growth. 2.0 Factors of Population Growth There are many factorsShow MoreRelatedFarming Is Not A Feasible Method Of Producing Food For The Planet1560 Words   |  7 Pagesidealism has been widely glorified, and ignorantly so, for being the standard of sustainable farming. 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Happiness Is Real When Shared Free Essays

This is one book which I have just finished reading. I don’t normally read biography, but came across the story while doing some random search on wikipedia (where one link can lead to another). I really got very interested in the true story of this young man who ended up dying in Alaska. We will write a custom essay sample on Happiness Is Real When Shared or any similar topic only for you Order Now I went to buy the book at Kinokuniya. In 1992, a young man by the name of Christopher McCandless from a well-to-do family in the US abandoned everything he possessed after graduating with honours from University. For the next two years, he lived off the streets, travelling from place to place, living on the bare minimum. Finally, he hitchhiked to Alaska with little food (only 5 pounds of rice) and equipment as he wanted to be in total isolation from human contact and go into the wild, in his words â€Å"to live off the land† – eating the animals he hunted and plants grown there. He actually managed to survive for more than 100 days in Alaska with this way until a series of unfortunate accidents that caused him to die slowly (and painfully) of starvation on an abandoned bus. His decomposed body was found more than two weeks later. He was only 24 at the time of demise. All this while, his family didn’t know his whereabouts and was searching for him, until they received this piece of unfortunate news. In this book, Jon Krakauer explored the life of Christopher McCandless and try to understand the thoughts behind this young man who gave up everything he has in search of a life of adventure and meaning (to him), and also how the people around him were affected. He must had been a very charismatic person, as people he met along the way during his years on the streets really liked this guy a lot. Some actually asked him to settle down at the place he was at. But then his ultimate aim was to really live in the wild with only nature (and nothing else, human relationships was worthless to him) and commitment was the last thing on his mind. This story left a very deep impression in me, not just because of the tragic circumstances surrounding it, but I could identify with Christopher McCandless in that at his age, I was also sort of like him. Well, I might not have given up all my wealth (I admit, my family wasn’t as well-to-do as his) and go all the way out into the wild, but I did have certain anger or unhappiness about the way my life turned out and wanted to live a different sort of life. That was why at that time my results sort of fumbled (as I was half-hearted about the whole studying affair – to me, studying what I had no interest in was an â€Å"insult to my integrity†. ). I also wanted to get away from my family (which was one of the catalysts which caused Christopher McCandless to make such a decision, he was very upset by certain things he found out about his parents), so for a period of time I was staying in the hostel. During that time, I really planned to eventually leave my family once I have the financial means and stay outside. In fact, after I graduated from university, I went to Malacca for a few days all by myself to enjoy the isolation. Ha ha, until now, my parents weren’t aware this was what I did – and I can’t yet find the courage to inform them. (This is probably a secret I will bring to my grave). Okay, this was probably not so much of an adventure, but I did derive certain excitement out of this trip. Imagine me on a free and easy trip carrying just the map and walking around (and people who know me know I’ve a very, very poor sense of direction). I would not say I managed to find my sense of purpose in life during that very short trip. In fact, it was years after I graduate before I realised what was really important in my life. For Christopher McCandless, towards the end of his life, realised that â€Å"happiness only real when shared† which is what he wrote on his journal. When he finally got the isolation he yearned for in Alaska, somehow, he must have finally realised the importance of human relationships and that real happiness lies with being able to spend time with the one you care. Of course, the sad part is it came too late too as he was trapped in the wilderness which he had yearned for previously. Given time, I believe he would eventually return to his family and friends. For me, after years of working (and probably maturity over the years), I also realised the importance of treasuring the time with my familiy and friends. You do not have to go to the extreme (in my case, escape from my family) to change the state of your life. In fact, all that matters is your perception. I have to be responsible in what I do as it is not just about me, but whatever I do have repercussions on my loved ones too. I had probably hurt the people around me as much as they have hurt me. I remember there was one saying I read somewhere – people may not love you the way you want them to, but that doesn’t mean they don’t love you. Recently, I did have the urge to go backpacking alone somewhere (of course, with the intention of not letting my parents know), but I admit I did have second thoughts after reading the book, ha ha! But don’t think that will last for long, as by nature, I do like to â€Å"wander around† – I can’t be trapped for too long. In the end, I guess Christopher McCandless did manage to find peace with himself. His final note written on his journal was â€Å"I HAVE HAD A HAPPY LIFE AND THANK THE LORD. GOODBYE AND MAY GOD BLESS ALL! † Although he didn’t manage to go back to his loved ones, he appreciated all the love bestowed upon him by them. I would like to think that he did not leave this world with any regret. Currently, I am reading another book by Jon Krakauer about his experience during the 1996 Mount Everest climb. Another tragic tale of how harsh nature can be. I might want to catch the movie version of â€Å"Into The Wild† directed by Sean Penn. Not sure if the film will evoke the same emotions in me (sometimes film adaptations can be disappointing). How to cite Happiness Is Real When Shared, Essay examples

Infant Sleep Disturbance (ISD)

Introduction Infant Sleep Disturbance (ISD) is a common problem in psychology. Infants who have this problem may significantly disrupt family life, as they demand a lot of attention from parents and those around them. Past findings from sleep laboratories show insignificant differences between infant sleep disorders and sleep disorders among older children, or adults (Heller, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Infant Sleep Disturbance (ISD) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is difficult to differentiate normal and abnormal sleep disorders among infants because these disorders manifest differently, and at different developmental stages. However, sleep disorders that manifest as unsatisfactory sleeping habits appear to be more common in infants. Since ISD is a common occurrence, many scientific studies have delved into the condition to explain its causes and solutions. Most of such studies highlight matern al relations, environmental factors, and infant characteristics as the main variables that affect ISD (Heller, 2013; Siegler, DeLoache Eisenberg, 2010). While the need to evaluate the effects of the above variables on studies that explore infant sleeping disorder is important, the multiplicity of different variables in ISD findings often confuses parents and caregivers when they have to identify the most effective basis for managing the condition. This paper draws on the findings of previous researchers by affirming that infant, parent, and environmental factors affect sleep disorders for infants aged six to 36 months. Thus, this paper proposes a research study to identify the most significant variable that has the greatest effect on sleep disorders among this group of infants. Purpose of Study The main purpose of conducting the proposed study is to provide a platform for the easy identification of the most effective intervention for managing ISD. Indeed, by understanding the exten t of environmental factors, infant characteristics, and maternal relations on infant sleeping disorders, it would be easy to provide the basis for the formulation of the most effective intervention for managing the condition. The uniqueness of this study stems from the fact that it would provide a clear understanding of the most effective intervention/basis for physicians and parents to pursue in the management of sleep disorders among infants aged three to 36 months. This way, it would be possible to have a clear picture of the most effective intervention to manage ISD.Advertising Looking for proposal on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the proposed study aims to adopt a holistic understanding of sleep disorders among infants by categorizing the most significant variables for the identification of effective interventions. Comparatively, other studies have only explored the role of specific variables, lik e maternal relationships and environmental factors on sleeping disorders without explaining the extent that such variables help to manage ISD. Research Question To explore the extent that infant, parent, and environmental factors affect sleeping disorders among infants aged three to 36 months Research Objectives To explore the extent that infant characteristics affect sleeping disorders To understand the importance of maternal relations in formulating interventions to manage sleep disorders To explain the extent that environmental factors play in exacerbating, or inhibiting, sleeping disorders among infants Hypothesis Maternal relations play the greatest role in understanding sleeping disorders among infants Literature Review Previous researches that have investigated ISD have identified maternal relationships and environmental factors as the most common variables in ISD research. One article that investigated patterns of developmental changes in infants (6-36 months old) iden tified intrinsic variables as the main causes of ISD (Siegler et al., 2010). In detail, the article highlighted temperament variability, environmental factors, and maternal variables as the main factors affecting ISD. Heller (2013) agrees that the relationship between mothers and infants is a common predictor of sleep pattern disorders among 3-36 month old infants. He also highlights a father’s presence, quality of childcare, and birth orders as common issues that affect sleep pattern disorders among the same group of infants (Heller, 2013). Similar studies that have used the same variables to investigate behavioral sleep patterns among infants say sleep disorders may be more common than perceived by parents (Siegler et al., 2010). For example, Thiedke (2001) investigated stability and predictive factors that affected infant sleeping habits and found out that socioeconomic status was not a predictor of sleeping disorders among 3-36 months old infants. Instead, he proposed tha t maternal relations and breastfeeding habits had a major role to play in defining sleep patterns (Thiedke, 2001). Similar studies show that demographic variables have insignificant effects on sleeping disorders among infants within the first 12 months of their birth (Heller, 2013). The influence of maternal associations on sleep disorders has also emerged in other independent studies that analyze sleep disorders among infants. For example, an article investigating frequent night awakenings in infants and preschool children identified non-adaptive sleep associations and maternal relations as two common variants affecting sleep disorders (Heller, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Infant Sleep Disturbance (ISD) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article also said unpleasant engagements between parents and infants enforced sleep awakening among infants (Heller, 2013). Studies that have also investigated m aternal relationships show that about 95% of infants would not sleep if they have not experienced any type of maternal interaction (Thiedke, 2001). Thiedke (2001) says this finding is largely true for infants less than 15 months old. When the infants reach 15 months, the statistics change because evidence shows that the percentage of infants who would not sleep without maternal interactions reduces from 90% to 75% (Thiedke, 2001). Conversely, this statistic shows that about 30% of infants would not self soothe to sleep without maternal interactions. Observers weakly understood the correlates of maternal relationships in the association of maternal relationships with sleep disorders among infants. Some researchers, for example, have used rapid eye movements among infants to dispel the idea that the role of maternal interactions in the development of ISD is a mere byproduct of sleep consolidation (Heller, 2013). Here, features of the mother-infant relationship emerge as correlates tha t affect the influence of maternal relationships on sleep disorders. Evidence also shows that insecure attachment to a mother should be an important variable to consider in the understanding of the above relationship (Siegler et al., 2010). To assess the influence of this insecurity, Thiedke (2001) conducted a study of 94 pairs of mothers and their infants and found out that the insecurity of infant-mother attachment influenced the severity of sleeping disorders among infants aged 3-36 months. Maternal relations have therefore dominated most of the research that has delved into the details of ISD. The hypothesis of the proposed study therefore stems from the same opinion. Methodology Study Design The proposed research will be a prospective cohort study that follows the lives of a group of respondents to establish infant sleeping behaviors for a group of selected respondents (the study involves longitudinal observations over a long time) (Doll, 2001). The prospective cohort study wil l use a mixed research approach.Advertising Looking for proposal on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stated differently, the proposed study intends to use qualitative and quantitative approaches to collect and analyze data. The greatest motivation for using the mixed research approach is its ability to match the purpose of the method to the research objectives. For instance, this design will be useful in providing a feel of the study before undertaking an in-depth analysis of the same. Furthermore, the proposed mixed methodology would help to triangulate the findings of the study and improve the validity of the responses (Northwest Nazarene University, 2013). The sound relationship between the quantitative approach and the qualitative approach is therefore invaluable for the proposed study. Data Collection This paper aims to gather primary data through observation and surveys. Since it is important to understand sleep disorders among infants at different stages of their growth, the proposed study aims to observe infant behavior at five stages of their development. The study intends to make the observations when the infants are one month, six months, 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months old. Observation will be an important data collection method for the intended study because it would provide information regarding the sleeping behaviors of infants, if parents leave the infants alone in a room, and if the parents are available in the room. Through such an analysis, the proposed study would test significant variables, such as parent-infant attachment. To assess environmental factors affecting ISD, the study intends to give 50 mothers a questionnaire (survey) that would gather significant pieces of information regarding an infant’s environment. The study would use the same questionnaire to gather useful pieces of information regarding infant characteristics. This way, it would be easy to compare environmental factors, maternal relations, and environmental factors at the same time. Significant questions that would appear in the questionnaires include an ass essment of whether the infant woke up the mother in the last week of conducting the survey, or not, and an assessment of the nature/frequency of interaction between the mother and the child. Respondents Through a purposeful sampling technique, the proposed study aims to recruit respondents from all over the country to participate in the study. The participants would come from different socioeconomic backgrounds and geographical regions to have an unbiased assessment of important variables (such as maternal health, maternal education, poverty, and family size) that affect ISD. The mean age of the participants would be 30 years because the study aims to gather the views of new mothers. Because of the widespread geographical area needed to reach these respondents, the proposed study will use online surveys to gather their views. Proposed Data Analysis Data transformation will be the main data analysis technique for the proposed study. This method involves the transformation of one type of data into another (to allow for easy statistical and thematic analyses). Northwest Nazarene University (2013) says this analysis method is highly appropriate for studies that use the mixed method approach because it allows for easy integration of quantitative and qualitative data. In detail, the data transformation method will make it possible to transform qualitative findings into numerical ratings (to analyze such data with quantitative assessments). Insights into infant sleep patterns mainly depend on maternal reports on the same. Thiedke (2001) says previous reports on ISD normally underestimate the frequency of sleep disturbances, but rarely do they distort the same observation. Evidence of maternal relations would therefore emerge from an analysis of three different reports that would include ISDs that occurred in the past week, the extent of the ISDs, and the impact of the ISDs on the mothers. After the assessment of these variables, the proposed study intends to use Zuck erman’s criterion for understanding the severity of ISDs. This criterion outlines that three disruptions constitute a sleep problem. The same criterion outlines that a sleep problem exists when a child is awake for more than one hour (Thiedke, 2001). Results The expected results could follow the hypothesis laid out in this paper. In other words, the results could affirm the importance of maternal relations as the most important factor affecting ISD for infants aged 6-36 months. Environmental influences and infant characteristics could therefore emerge as the secondary influences of sleeping disorders among the sampled infants. Through the affirmation of this hypothesis, this research would add to the growing body of literature surrounding the importance of maternal relations in solving ISD. Conclusion The results of the proposed study would help to understand the importance of maternal relations in ISD. If the study affirms the importance of this relation to infant sleeping h abits, a new frontier for identifying the most effective methods for correcting ISDs would emerge. This way, medical practitioners and physicians would be able to formulate effective interventions for correcting the disorder, while avoiding the confusion of proposing different types of interventions. If the proposed study fails to uphold maternal relations as the most significant intervention for correcting ISD, the role/significance of environmental influences and infant characteristics would emerge. This way, it would be easier to identify the most effective intervention to pursue when advising parents on the most effective intervention for correcting ISD. References Doll, R. (2001). Cohort studies: history of the method. I. Prospective cohort studies.  Soz Praventive med, 46(2), 75-86. Heller, K. (2013). Resolving Infant Sleep Disturbance. Web. Northwest Nazarene University. (2013). Benefits and Challenges of Mixed Methods  Research. Web. Siegler, R., DeLoache, J., Eisenberg , N. (2010). How Children Develop. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Thiedke, C. (2001). Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems in Childhood. Am Fam  Physician, 63(2), 277-285. This proposal on Infant Sleep Disturbance (ISD) was written and submitted by user Al1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.